Social Democracy and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1906-11

This article was published in A Century of Revolution: Social Movements in Iran, J. Foran, U. of Minnesota Press, pp. 21-43, 1994

The Russian Revolution of 1905 was followed by a series of revolutions in Iran (1906), Turkey (1908), Mexico (1910), and China (1911) that marked a new stage in the history of the developing world and brought several competing ideologies – nationalism, democracy, religion, and socialism – into open confrontation. The Iranian Constitutional Revolution is remembered most for its establishment of a parliament and a democratic constitution in the country for the first time. Less known are the roles of various social democratic tendencies that were active in Iran in this period. These groups, which became politically important organizations in their own right, are of crucial importance in an understanding of the course and development of the revolution.

نقدی بر تاریخ نگاری متناقض جمهوری گیلان

This article was published in نگاه نو، شماره 29، ص. 51

شورشهای دهقانی منطقه خزر در زمان انقلاب مشروطیت

This article was published in نگاه نو, فروردین-اردیبهشت 1373

نگاه نو، چلد 19 (فروردین-اردیبهشت 1373) صص. 6-24

Social Democracy and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1906-11 (Persian)

This article was published in Iran Nameh, Vol XI, No. 3 (in Farsi), Summer 1993

The Russian Revolution of 1905 was followed by a series of revolutions in Iran (1906), Turkey (1908), Mexico (1910), and China (1911) that marked a new stage in the history of the developing world and brought several competing ideologies – nationalism, democracy, religion, and socialism – into open confrontation. The Iranian Constitutional Revolution is remembered most for its establishment of a parliament and a democratic constitution in the country for the first time. Less known are the roles of various social democratic tendencies that were active in Iran in this period. These groups, which became politically important organizations in their own right, are of crucial importance in an understanding of the course and development of the revolution.

The Debate of Women’s Liberation in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1911

This article was published in Expanding the Boundaries of Women's History, Essays on Women in the Third World, Indiana U. Press, 1992

Published in Expanding the Boundaries of Women’s History, Essays on Women in the Third World, Chery Johnson-Odim and Margaret Storbel, Editors, Indiana U. Press

Peasant Rebellions of the Caspian Region During the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1909

This article was published in Int. J. Middle East Stud. 23, Cambridge U. Press, 1991